prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten

prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Ing. arch. Jiří Vele

While the CAD model is being prepared for 3D printing, it is sliced into layers. Contrary to planar slicing, where an object is cut by horizontal planes and then a curve for the toolpath is generated from these intersections, non-planar slicing uses twisted planes for object cutting. It brings freedom to toolpath creation and each object can be printed in adjusted layers that reflect its geometry. Benefits of such printing are being explored in plastics and involve enhanced surface finish, cracking reduction and ability to print cantilevers. This paper examines printability of overhangs using clay non-planar printing. Basic potter's clay, from an art supplies shop was mixed with additional water and let in room temperature for one day. Desktop FDM delta printer was retrofitted with a clay printhead, its extruder motor was geared into a 19:1 ratio and connected to the ram. This ram pushes clay from a tank and nylon tube through a 4mm thick nozzle. Set of vase-like objects was designed, each with a different overhang. Starting at 10 degrees and ending at 70 degrees, in increments of 5 degrees. Objects were modelled in Rhinoceros software and G-code for both planar and non-planar print was generated in Grasshopper. Each of those objects were printed twice, once planarly and once non-planarly. During the printing buckling and collapsing of printed objects was monitored. Non-planar printing improves buildability and reduces deformation of overhangs. Right after the print and after they got dry, objects were measured for their deformation. Shrinkage during the drying was measured to be 12,5%. Ideal toolpath for non-planar printing seems to be the one having layers perpendicular to the overhang. Model evaluation and non-planar printing data preparation is being discussed in the paper. If used on a large scale, non-planar printing may allow printing walls with holes for plumbing, or even printing vaults or bridges.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Arch. Gulbahar Emir Isik, MSc.

The digital twin concept is defined as a trio of physical counterparts, vir- tual counterparts, and their connections. A digital twin, which is used in many industries, can be a simultaneous reflection of a building and its design scenarios, digital versus physical or physical versus digital, in the architectural design realm. Specifically, our focus is on the built envi- ronment, where hybrid prototypes can use several sensors, actuators, and processors to simultaneously collect and react to data by applying digi- tal twin technology while still in the design process. Hybrid prototypes extend physical models as we know them today with digital models sup- ported by digital twin technology. The foetal digital twin is at the start of the concept design and can be in the form mainly of simulations or a physical scale model combined with some sensors. The child digital twin can be a door or window model, facade prototype, shading system mock-up, or wall prefabrication fitted with sensor technology. Here, we hypothesise that foetal and child digital twins may be appropriate stand- ins for adult digital twins through the design process. Therefore, we try to determine how we can have better foetal, child, and adult physical and digital twins. To accomplish this, we provide an architectural design cat- alogue that includes sensors during prototyping to guide designers. Sen- sor network establishment is one of the first tasks that can be performed for a digital twin. The sensed data from the physical prototype will be used in a digital twin to actuate and monitor the status, and the digi- tal prototype will be used for the simulation, optimization, and predic- tion of future status. Eventually, data combination will be achieved with the help of Building Information Modelling and the Internet of Things. To guide the design process efficiently, it is important to decide where the sensors will be because, after the final design and operation, things will be handed over to a facility manager.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Ing. arch. Lukáš Kurilla, Ph.D., Ing. arch. Jiří Vele

The traditional method of data preparation for 3D printing, known as planar slicing, involves slicing the 3D model into horizontal layers and printing them gradually. This is the simplest option with the main parameter being layer height. However, this method has several limitations, including poor surface finish with stair-stepping contours of layers at steep angles and a necessity to print additional support structure for overhangs. Nonplanar slicing is a newer method that involves slicing the 3D model into non-horizontal layers with varying layer heights. This technique is mostly explored in plastics, with observed improvements in buildability, surface finish and reduction of cracking alongside the layers. In construction scale, non-planar printing is used primarily for achieving unique surface finish, or for printing on an uneven base. Its potential for improving buildability is still yet to be properly tested. This paper examines how non-planar layers can be derived with a help of force flow lines and how it affects the buildability. While printing overhangs, shear force can ultimately break the interlayer bond and layers can start deforming and sliding on top of each other, resulting in buckling, or even collapse. By guiding these forces into the bulk of layers instead of interlayer bonds, printing capabilities can be improved. Goal of this paper is to present how buildability of overhangs can be improved using non-planar slicing. Non-planar layers are derived from force flow line simulations done in Karamba3D. For printing we use clay, as a fast and simple prototyping method with the aim to later utilise our findings into concrete printing.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Arch. Gulbahar Emir Isik, MSc.

A digital twin is the mapping of a physical twin between hybrid spaces. The lifecycle of digital and physical twins occurs through the concepts of foetal, child, and adult twins. This technology can be used to assist clients and designers with real-time data. The use of digital twin technology in architectural design can be realised at various stages, from design to operation. Designers will be able to gain knowledge of the past, present, and future using this technology. This will reveal possible design scenarios. In this study, a hypothetical scenario is designed, in which designers build a building while already having a digital twin template. To do this, Building Information Modelling is used as a reference model for digital twins, along with the fidelity levels of digital twins and the level of detail-development of BIM. When designers want to design a new project related to their predecessors, they already use the same type of digital twin-building portfolio they can use for their new design. A digital twin will help optimise the new process. Therefore, the digital twin of a building with a similar building type can be used to extract relevant data for the design process.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Arch. Gulbahar Emir Isik, MSc.

15116 Ústav modelového projektování

A digital twin is a simultaneous digital reflection of object processes and states. Digital twins are usually made of objects that exist in reality or which are very near completion in a design and production process. In our research, we investigate the potential of digital twin technology for early design. Key to the early application of digital twin in design is the role of information and simulation. Since design information is valuable for predicting the future of design, we assume that design will begin to change as digital twin technologies become more and more adaptable, as designers simultaneously have digital twins of the past, present, and future. Digital twin technologies have many capabilities to support the design process at various stages from concept design to the final design. Throughout this process, architects use digital and physical models. Combined with digital twin technology, these models form what we call hybrid prototypes. Estimating that simulation has a vital impact on the design process, we raised the question of what the potential of architectural hybrid prototyping in design processes with digital twin technologies is. Similar to the development of the design through increasingly informed and detailed models, we think that the closest thing to the design process with the digital twin is the so-called foetal, child, and adult digital twin. Based on this classification, we approach the concept of hybrid prototyping and digital twin.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Arch. Gulbahar Emir Isik, MSc.

15116 Ústav modelového projektování

The Digital Twin (DT) is a tryadic system as a digital representation or a mirror of a physical process or its twin and the intelligence, which connects them. Digital twin technology has many uses, from aerospace to infrastructure and manufacturing. However, when it is looked at the design process, it is seen the digital twin does not impact ways of design thinking. ‘If a digital twin is a mirror image, then how can the digital twin be used to feedforward and feedback that does not yet exist, because it is being designed’ is the question to answer in this research. From the literature review, some ways are called fetal, child, and adult digital twins and probably come closest to the design process with the digital twin. As the digital twins of the fetal and child digital twin have not been operationalized yet, it is needed to put this idea into the theoretical framework. To be meaningful for design, the framework should unite the activities of the design process with the technologies and products of the digital twin. By combining two approaches (the Basic Design Cycle (BDC) activities and the digital twin technologies from Digital Twin Technology Development (DTTD) layers at the city and building levels, we can highlight where and how digital twin technology can be used in the design process. The method is systematized in a descriptive framework, which highlights the use of digital twins in the design process.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Ing. arch. Dalibor Dzurilla

15116 Ústav modelového projektování

The paper discusses 23 interviewed architects in practice about the role of traditional and digital sketching (human-computer interaction) in communication with the client. They were selected from I995 to 20I8 (the interval of graduation) from three different countries: The Czech Republic (CR), Slovakia (SR), Netherland (NR). To realize three blending areas that impact the approach to sketching: (I) Traditional hand and physical model studies (I995-2003). (II)Transition form-designing by hand and PC (2004—20I7). (III) Mainly digital and remote forms of designing (20I8-now). Interviews helped transform 3I "parameters of tools use " from the previous theoretical framework narrowed down into six main areas: (I) Implementation; (2)Affordability; (3)Timesaving; (3) Drawing support; (5) Representativeness; (6) Transportability. Paper discusses findings from interviewees: (A) Implementation issues are above time and price. (B) Strongly different understanding of what digital sketching is. From drawing in Google Slides by mouse to sketching in Metaverse. (C) Substantial reduction of traditional sketching (down to a total of 3% of the time) at the expense of growing responsibilities. (D) 80% of respondents do not recommend sketching in front of the client. Also, other interesting findings are further described in the discussion.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten

15116 Ústav modelového projektování

This chapter follows the development of VR and AR from a historical point of view, providing the reader with a concise history of these technologies in architecture. A number of important milestones are summarised from the 1950s to the present day, highlighting the wide range of applications of immersive technologies in architecture and recent developments in academic institutions and pioneering research teams around the world.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten, Ing. arch. Dalibor Dzurilla

15116 Ústav modelového projektování

The traditional sketch using pencil and paper is an indispensable medium for architects. Digital technology both imitates and extends the possibilities of the sketch into a new form, the Architectural Digital Sketch. In this paper, we present a descriptive framework from the theoretical perspective of technology parameters. This framework covers traditional and digital sketch. We investigated several representative tools for sketching employing the framework, such as traditional sketch, Wacom SmartPen, iPad Pro, Foldable Notebook Lenovo ThinkPad X1 and Hyve3D. We demonstrate how the framework gives a unified approach to such widely varied tools.

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prof. Dr. Henri Hubertus Achten

15116 Ústav modelového projektování

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